Women Teaching Men in the Church
Donna Morley, Ph.D.
Years ago while sitting through a university course on textiles, I had a lot of time to
consider why some people should definitely not be teachers. At the beginning of class,
the teacher’s face would disappear into the course textbook. She would read every
word without coming up for air until the class was over. Three times a week for an
hour and fifteen minutes, she read line by line, chapter by chapter, never stopping,
never explaining. It didn’t help matters that she read in a monotone voice and was
obviously bored with the subject matter herself. Once the class period started, we felt
that only a major earthquake could bring us relief. We could have saved ourselves the
time and a lot of tuition money if we had been allowed to stay home during class and
read the book ourselves.
Teaching is so much more than reciting from a book. It can involve explaining, making
the subject vivid, and motivating people to do the right thing. A teacher should be an
example of right belief and behavior as she forms a bridge between the subject (in this
case, God’s Word) and people. Because of their great influence, God holds Christian
teachers to a high standard. To emphasize the seriousness of this gift, James warns
that teachers will receive “stricter judgment” (James 3:1).
A teacher must be diligent to know the subject, to communicate well, and to be an
example herself. And although some gifted teachers are effective despite a
monotonous voice, it helps if they, like the great preacher Jonathan Edwards (who by
the way, had a monotonous voice), have passion—passion for truth, passion for God,
and passionate love for people.
All of this requires sacrifice in order to have enough time to study and to be an
example. It requires spiritual discipline and alertness so as not to leave openings for
Satan’s schemes. But developing the gift of teaching requires much more. A teacher
must be a good listener, alert to what God is saying, and she must be a good follower
of God. She is to probe, search, compare, apply, and diligently examine the Word of
God that she may effectively minister to others around her.
Are there limits to this gift? Paul says yes. He told Timothy, “I do not allow a woman
to teach or exercise authority over a man” (1 Timothy 2:12). However, women should
teach women (Titus 2:3-4). Pastor John MacArthur affirms the place of women
teachers: “God has gifted women in marvelous ways. Many of them have the gifts of
teaching and proclaiming God’s Word. But they are not to exercise those particular
gifts in the mixed assembly of the church when it comes together.”
Though all women can appreciate part of Pastor MacArthur’s comment, some would
disagree with him about women teaching Scripture authoritatively (this is key) to men.
What do you think about this emotion-laden topic? There are definately two sides
here, if not more. Some very knowledgeable women believe that they can teach men
because they take Paul’s prohibition against it as applicable only to the culture of his
day, like his requirement that women wear head coverings (1 Corinthians 11:5).
The opposing view is that in the Timothy passage, Paul bases his point on the creation
of Adam and Eve—and their creation certainly was not a part of the culture of Paul’s
day!
Another popular view is that Paul’s prohibition against women teaching men applies
only to women teachers who are ill-prepared and influenced by false teachers.
According to this view, Eve (1 Timothy 2:13-14) is an example of someone who
“taught” Adam without adequate preparation. In this view, then, women can teach
men as long as they are well-prepared to do so.
The other camp gives a few reasons why this view, too, is inadequate: 1) Paul says
nothing about Eve being a teacher of Adam; 2) There is no evidence that women were
teaching false doctrines; 3) Paul points out that Eve was deceived because she took
the initiative over the man whom God had appointed to be with her and care for her.
Women today can make the same mistake as Eve if they try to become independent
of those whom God has appointed over them. Paul’s comment about Eve does not
imply that all women are more susceptible to doctrinal error. Nothing in the Genesis
passage suggests that they are. If that were the case, then women would not be able
to teach anyone.
Paul appeals to the order of creation. Man was created first, then Eve. The point is
that the man has headship because he was created first (cf. 1 Corinthians 11:3-10).
That headship is violated if women teach doctrine or exercise authority over men. By
linking the issue to creation, Paul shows that this view of women’s roles is not just for
the local situation or for a limited time. The prohibition is an enduring principle.
The last view I will mention (though there are many others) is the belief that Paul’s
statement, “I do not allow a woman to teach or exercise authority over a man” (1
Timothy 2:12), does not forbid a woman to teach men. She is only forbidden to teach
or exercise authority over her husband. Opponents of this view ask, if Paul meant
“husband,” why do translators always use the word man? In the Greek, it turns out
that the word Paul used, aner, can mean either “man as opposed to woman” or
“husband.” Therefore, the context must tell us which meaning Paul intended.
Had Paul been referring to a woman’s husband, we would expect that he would have
said “her” husband. In this verse, there is no possessive pronounce or definite article
with man. Elsewhere Paul uses such words: “Wives, be subject to your own
husbands....” (Ephesians 5:22; Colossians 3:18).
Looking at the broader context of the Timothy passage, we see that just prior to Paul’s
saying that he doesn’t allow a woman to teach or exercise authority over a man, he
said the following: “I want women to adorn themselves with proper clothing, modestly
and discreetly, not with braided hair and gold or pearls or costly garments; but rather
by means of good works, as befits women making a claim to godliness. Let a woman
quietly receive instruction with entire submissiveness. But I do not allow a woman to
teach or exercise authority over a man, but to remain quiet” (1 Timothy 2:9-12).
Paul uses the plural “women” as a class—single and married alike. He uses the
singular “a woman” to refer to any woman, not just “a wife.” Then in the same breath,
while speaking to married and single women, he uses the term in question, aner (v.
12). Therefore, that term cannot mean “husband.” No wonder it is always translated
“man” rather than “husband.”
Searching the New Testament to find a woman who held anything like the position of
preacher, religious teacher, or leader of men, I came across many women with various
gifts who had been instrumental in the cause of the Gospel. Yet I could not find one
woman who had an authoritative position over men as a preacher, Bible teacher, or
spiritual leader.
Well, you might ask, “What about Priscilla?” Both she and her husband Aquila
instructed Apollos” (Acts 18:26). Yes, that is true, but it was done in private and not
before an entire assembly of men and women.
Then what about the five Old Testament prophetesses—Miriam, Deborah, Huldah,
Noadiah, and the wife of Isaiah? Though I don’t want to minimize the great role some
of these women had, for the sake of the question about women’s roles, we have to
take a close look at their position in ministry.
Miriam was a prophetess who led the women of Israel in a great hymn of praise to
the Lord (Exodus 15:20-21). We know that she had an important role because in the
book of Micah, God says He led the children of Israel through Moses, Aaron, and
Miriam (6:4). But we don’t know how much prophecy was a part of her ministry nor
what relationship her prophesying had to the authority of her brothers Moses and
Aaron. We do know that God chastened her severely for attempting to usurp Moses’
authority as a prophet (Numbers 12:2,9).
Deborah was a judge and prophetess during a wicked time in Israel (Judges 4:1). The
book of Judges shows that God used a variety of people to confront wicked |